The History and Evolution of Soccer Equipment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 625 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/04 Category Sports Essay Level High school Topics: Soccer Essay Did you like this example? Soccer, or football depending on where your from, is the single most popular sport in the world and has retained that standing almost since the creation of the sport. This means a lot of equipment and apparel is manufactured every year for fans to use and enjoy. Designers and engineers are constantly working to develop this equipment for better performance as well as upgraded style. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The History and Evolution of Soccer Equipment" essay for you Create order Because of this, the gear used to play soccer, or football, has changed drastically throughout time. There are four main pieces of equipment that players typically use in a soccer game. These four items are, soccer cleats, shin guards, the soccer ball, and usually goalkeeper gloves. The ball is obviously the most vital to the actual game but in this day and age, the rest of the equipment has become a necessity for the players. Everyone has a different style in terms of both performance and aesthetic preference. This paper will lead the reader through the decades, describing the history and development of soccer balls, cleats, shin guards, and keeper gloves as they have evolved with the game of soccer. As stated before, the soccer ball is the only piece of equipment absolutely vital to the game. The actual origins of soccer or football is not entirely known but the first recognized, organized play was after association football split from rugby football in England in 1863. Soccer balls before the 1800s were a bit of a mystery as well. A majority of them were made of animal bladders, usually pig, but there are stories and some historical references that give an insight into other soccer ball materials. Many possibilities have been speculated on for the shape and make of the first soccer balls. It has been said that in medieval Europe, villagers would kick around disembodied animal or human heads and skulls. A definite improvement upon these would be the pig and other animal bladders or stitched up pieces of skin that were used in early times to create a ball shape to play with. This took place until the twentieth century, when rubber bladders started to be put into use, and the ball was uneven and much more unpredictable based on the shape or size of the skin or bladder. In 1836 Charles Goodyear found a way to manufacture vulcanized rubber and by 1855 he made the first vulcanized rubber soccer ball. This advancement set in motion huge changes to the game by beginning to give a standard size and shape to the ball soccer is played with. However, this version of the ball still had plenty of its own issues. The vulcanized rubber ball was quite heavy and after time began to reform and had to be replaced. To help solve these problems, H.J. Lindon found a way to make an inflatable rubber bladder. This design was much lighter and kept its shape better, being able to be inflated when starting to lose form. Somewhere around a decade later, the English Football Association, the only governing body for the rules of soccer at the time, decided on the laws regarding the weight, size, and other specifications necessary for a match ball. It was decided that the soccer ball must be a spherical ball with a circumference of 27 to 28 inches. The weight had to be 13 to 15 ounces. It would also be required to have a leather outer casing, or one made of other approved materials. After these laws of the game were passed, soccer balls began being mass produced. Still, these mass produced balls were all hand stitched and because of this had various inconsistencies and relative variation between each ball. An interesting piece of trivia, these rubber, inflatable balls actually became the ones used to invent the game of basketball.

The History and Evolution of Soccer Equipment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 625 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/04 Category Sports Essay Level High school Topics: Soccer Essay Did you like this example? Soccer, or football depending on where your from, is the single most popular sport in the world and has retained that standing almost since the creation of the sport. This means a lot of equipment and apparel is manufactured every year for fans to use and enjoy. Designers and engineers are constantly working to develop this equipment for better performance as well as upgraded style. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The History and Evolution of Soccer Equipment" essay for you Create order Because of this, the gear used to play soccer, or football, has changed drastically throughout time. There are four main pieces of equipment that players typically use in a soccer game. These four items are, soccer cleats, shin guards, the soccer ball, and usually goalkeeper gloves. The ball is obviously the most vital to the actual game but in this day and age, the rest of the equipment has become a necessity for the players. Everyone has a different style in terms of both performance and aesthetic preference. This paper will lead the reader through the decades, describing the history and development of soccer balls, cleats, shin guards, and keeper gloves as they have evolved with the game of soccer. As stated before, the soccer ball is the only piece of equipment absolutely vital to the game. The actual origins of soccer or football is not entirely known but the first recognized, organized play was after association football split from rugby football in England in 1863. Soccer balls before the 1800s were a bit of a mystery as well. A majority of them were made of animal bladders, usually pig, but there are stories and some historical references that give an insight into other soccer ball materials. Many possibilities have been speculated on for the shape and make of the first soccer balls. It has been said that in medieval Europe, villagers would kick around disembodied animal or human heads and skulls. A definite improvement upon these would be the pig and other animal bladders or stitched up pieces of skin that were used in early times to create a ball shape to play with. This took place until the twentieth century, when rubber bladders started to be put into use, and the ball was uneven and much more unpredictable based on the shape or size of the skin or bladder. In 1836 Charles Goodyear found a way to manufacture vulcanized rubber and by 1855 he made the first vulcanized rubber soccer ball. This advancement set in motion huge changes to the game by beginning to give a standard size and shape to the ball soccer is played with. However, this version of the ball still had plenty of its own issues. The vulcanized rubber ball was quite heavy and after time began to reform and had to be replaced. To help solve these problems, H.J. Lindon found a way to make an inflatable rubber bladder. This design was much lighter and kept its shape better, being able to be inflated when starting to lose form. Somewhere around a decade later, the English Football Association, the only governing body for the rules of soccer at the time, decided on the laws regarding the weight, size, and other specifications necessary for a match ball. It was decided that the soccer ball must be a spherical ball with a circumference of 27 to 28 inches. The weight had to be 13 to 15 ounces. It would also be required to have a leather outer casing, or one made of other approved materials. After these laws of the game were passed, soccer balls began being mass produced. Still, these mass produced balls were all hand stitched and because of this had various inconsistencies and relative variation between each ball. An interesting piece of trivia, these rubber, inflatable balls actually became the ones used to invent the game of basketball.

Chinese Culture And Hyper Sensitivity For Chinese American...

The outstanding achievement of Chinese American contributed by both cultural and structural factors that Chinese immigrants encounter before and after the immigration to America. This essay will first examine importance of the interaction of Chinese culture and hyper-selectivity in constructing a new identity for Chinese American after 1960s. Second, argued that why Chinese American being the â€Å"model minority† is a myth. And lastly, discuss the intention behind the model minority myth and the negative effects of â€Å"over achieving† for Chinese Americans. First of all, cultural factors included the pre-existed Keju system in the Ming dynasty, the college entrance examinations, and after school tutoring that can be found in Chinese ethnoburb†¦show more content†¦According to Professor Zhou, there are many after-school tutoring institution in China. Since the college entrance examination was such an importance test for students and their family, many parents would pay for the tutoring centers in hope for a better grade in order for their kids to go to better college, or any college for that matter. These practices was implanted deep to the norms and values of Chinese and it is clear to see why the Chinese American are able to be extraordinary in education after taking structural factors into account. The structural factors included the immigrant selectivity and blocked mobility in the second generation. First of all, the early immigration of Chinese consisted with the â€Å"coolie† patterns, or the Huagong pattern, according to Zhou and Benton in Intra Asian Chinese Migration. (Benton, p. 5) And according to â€Å"The Chinese Diaspora† by Chan, the coolie pattern was the most common pattern of the four different patterns. The characteristic of this pattern was that they were uneducated male peasants as colonized labor in the host country. (Chan, p.9) This early selectivity by the host country, America, led to hyper-selec tivity of immigrants after the immigration act of 1965, the Hart-Celler Act that abolished the immigration quota system with the goal of reuniting the families in U.S. According to Zhou and Lee in â€Å"Hyper-selectivity and theShow MoreRelatedWhirlpool Case Analysis11031 Words   |  45 Pagesthat can be described as global. The industry was invented and still dominated by European and American key manufacturers. However, Asian manufacturers from Japan, Korea, and China are enforcing a strong and rapid growing competition in the last few decades. In terms of global industry aspects, over 65 percent of the global appliances sales are through specialty retailers, the rest is divided between hyper markets, department stores and general merchandisers. 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Minimum Wage My Case to Raise It Free Essays

Introduction In my opinion, minimum wage should be raised.   It is time for the United States to stand up for the original purpose of the Fair Labor Standards Act.   The low wage is hurting the economy as a whole because it is squeezing the lower income level so tightly that they have to make choices between paying rent or buying food. We will write a custom essay sample on Minimum Wage: My Case to Raise It or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The three main reasons for this increase are as follows.   First, an increase in minimum wage would directly impact those at the bottom of the economic ladder.   Second, by increasing minimum wage, you also increase the value of work.   Third, because the cost of living has increased so much, the cost of work must follow its lead.   Due to these reasons, minimum wage must be raised. History In 1938, the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed.   This was a reaction the hard work of women like Jane Adams and Eleanor Roosevelt who were trying to end child labor and increase the standard of living in the poorest communities. The labor unions were advocating for it as early as the late 1800’s when women in the Lowell factories claimed they deserved equal pay and treatment.   Its passage was also influenced by industrial disasters like the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911, which killed many of the young workers in New York.   The Jungle written by Upton Sinclair about the struggles of the working class in Chicago, influenced politicians and communities and caused them to start looking at its workers in a different light and with increased understanding. It set the maximum work week, standards of child labor and overtime pay.   It also created minimum wage.   This is the idea that there is a minimum standard of pay that everyone should be given.   It was set at twenty five cents an hour.   The act succeeded in many ways but it failed in keeping pace with inflation.   Originally, this was written into the act.   Now, raising minimum wage to keep pace with inflation has become a political issue. Usually democrats are in favor of raising the wage and republicans are against it.   Because the federal government has failed to protect its people by raising the wage, many states and cities have taken it upon themselves to raise their own wages. Argument against The conservative argument against raising the wage is primarily economic.   They say  this action hurts the whole economy and doesn’t help the lower classes at all. (Chapman)   Their argument is that if employers have to pay more, they will limit the employees they have or even take their work overseas, which is a valid threat.   They claim that in reality, the people who benefit are in higher economic classes because they learn to manage their businesses more efficiently and the boom lines their pocketbooks. My Argument As my thesis demonstrates I disagree with the conservative stance.   I feel that an  increase in the minimum wage would help the people intended.   It would add value to what they do and keep up with the cost of living, as it was originally designed to do. The lower income families in the U.S. are hurting. â€Å"Today more than 28 million people, about a quarter of the workforce between the ages of 18 and 64, earn less than $9.04 an hour, which translates into a full-time salary of $18,800 a year—the income that marks the federal poverty line for a family of four.† (Working and Poor)   It is extremely difficult, if not impossible to raise a family on that amount of money.   The argument has been made that you can make more money on welfare than working for minimum wage.   What kind of lesson does that teach? So, is the answer raising minimum wage.   According to Jeff Chapman in his brief for the Economic Policy Institute, it is.   â€Å"If the federal wage were raised to $7.00, the bottom 40% or households would receive nearly 60% of the benefits.† (Chapman)   He goes on to say, â€Å"Raising the minimum wage provides income support to families in need.   While it is important to understand that the minimum wage should not be judged solely on its efficiency at targeting low-income families, research shows that it does just that.†(Chapman) Business Weekly agrees with these finding. â€Å"Lifting the minimum wage by $1.50 an hour, would boost the incomes of 10 million workers.† (Working and Poor) My research indicates that raising the minimum wage would be an effective way to target lower income workers and increase their income.   This would help offset the cost of inflation, as I will prove is a necessity. Originally, the wage was designed to increase as the cost of living increased.   This system makes sense.   If things cost more, people need to make more money to afford them—not luxuries, necessities.   If this adjustment is not made, the consequences affect the family, not just the worker. â€Å"Some experts on homelessness say the numbers are growing because of the widening gap between low pay and high rents.† (Kaufman) â€Å"Real pay for the bottom 10 percent of wage earners rose less that one percent in adjusted dollars from 1979 to 2003, according to the Economic Policy Institute. (Kaufman) If the wage doesn’t keep up, how can people afford rent?   If I make just enough to cover my bills, and my rent increases but my salary doesn’t, I have no choice.   I would have to get another job, which may not be a possibility, try to work overtime, which my job might not allow, or move.   What if I live in the cheapest apartment available?   This is the cycle that must be stopped. It leads to hopelessness, debt and in some circumstances, homelessness. â€Å"Even if the minimum wage were not well-targeted at helping those in need, it serves an important role in the U.S. economy and society.   It is a fundamental statment of principle about the value of work, opportunity and the responsibilities of employers.† (Chapman) Increasing minimum wage validates the worker.   As the girls in Lowell were looking for acknowledgement of the value of their work, so do the workers of today search for validation for what they do. When the government raises the wage, they are sending a clear message that they value the workers and understand their position.   The C.E.O. of Costco is quoted as saying, â€Å"We no longer have a motivated working class.† (Working and Poor)   This is a huge problem.   If you can’t take pride in your work, what’s the point of working at all, especially if you can take advantage of the welfare system? If no one values what you do, why try to do any better than the bare minimum? Raising the minimum wage demonstrates employer accountability.   The government is making them responsible for the people their success rests upon.   â€Å"No employer should be allowed to unreasonably profit by exploiting the lack of negotiating power of low-wage workers.† (Chapman)   Labor simply has no power anymore.   The unions have been broken and they have no voice.   Someone has to hold the employers accountable.   Someone must step forward for the workers. An increase in the wage would do just that.   As I have shown, it does have a direct affect on those in the deepest need. â€Å"Everyone should have the opportunity to earn a decent wage.   No American should be compelled to work at a rate that amounts to the federal poverty level.   This is equally true for a middle-class youth working to raise money for college as it is for a single mother supporting a family.† (Chapman) Conclusion Minimum wage is one small part of the Fair Labor Standards Act that was designed to protect the worker.   Society saw its people falling through the cracks and they stood up for those people, claiming that everyone who works hard deserves a chance to succeed.   Minimum wage is the foundation of that success.   I have shown three strong reasons for the need to increase minimum wage.   The first is that raising the wage directly affects those in the greatest need. They do benefit from a raise as it corresponds to the raise in the cost of living. My second reason demonstrated this.   As the cost of living increases so should the minimum wage.   This way, workers can easily adjust their earnings to cover new expenses and not have to make hard decisions that could greatly impact their families.   The third reason is philosophical. Adding value to the worker validates the job that is being done.   When employers are held to greater accountability, the working class feels they are appreciated.   This is so important for our society.   Welfare shouldn’t have to be an option for a family willing to work and take part in the economy.   Without a raise in the minimum wage, this might be a serious threat.   â€Å"Equality means dignity.   And dignity demands a job and a paycheck that lasts through the week.† (Weisman)   I feel this quote from Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. conclude my thoughts on this subject. How to cite Minimum Wage: My Case to Raise It, Essay examples

Corporate Accounting and Reporting Longreach Ltd

Questions: 1.Write a report to management, specifically explaining the purpose of the impairment test,how the existence of goodwill will affect the impairment test and the basic steps to be followed in applying the impairment test? 2.Prepare the journal entry(ies) for any impairment loss occurring at 30 June 2015? Answers: 1. IAS 36 and AASB 136, both details about the impairment of assets. Both these standards main aim is to focus upon the methods to be used to conduct a test with regards the impairment of the assets of any corporate so that the assets are not being shown on the balance sheet at a value which is higher than its recoverable amount. In such a case the amount by which the value of an asset falls is described under the head impairment loss . The accounting standard not only talks about the accounting part of the same but also states about the various situations when such impairment can be reversed and the relevant disclosures to be made. The impairment test is conducted at the end of the financial year of the company of all the assets that exist on the balance sheet of the company but for some exceptions such as stock in trade, construction contracts, deferred tax assets, financial assets, insurance contracts and on-current assets which are held for sale or disposal in the near future (Australian Accounting Standards Board, 2009). The simple reason behind the same is that these assets are covered under other standards separately. Thus leaving these assets, if any of the other assets is subject to impairment due to indications, then the same should undergo an impairment test and the amount should be captured in the income statement of the reporting entity as well as the balance sheet. Longreach Ltd will have to follow some steps for conducting the impairment test. First and foremost it is very important for the company to understand whether the carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount. Thus, recoverable amount should be calculated at the beginning if there are signals for impairment. For calculating the recoverable amount of the asset the fair value of the asset less the cost of selling the asset and the value-in-use i.e. the NPV of the future cash flows of the asset are calculated and the higher of the two is considered to be the recoverable amount of the asset. Further the difference between the recoverable amount and the present carrying amount is calculated and the same is defined as the impairment loss. Thus the above mentioned basic steps are to be followed while calculating the impairment loss. Therefore there are some terms which the company should understand in depth which are as follows: Carrying Amount: It is the value of the asset that reflects in the balance sheet of the company after taking into consideration the accumulated depreciation loss and impairment loss. Cash Generating Unit (CGU): It is a small cluster of assets that helps to produce cash for a company. Value-in Use: The net present value of the future cash flows of an asset or a CGU is termed as value-in-use (Dagwell et.al. 2012). However the above steps are to be conducted only if there exists an indication for impairment of any asset. Factors that indicate impairment can be internal as well as external to the company which Longreach Ltd should consider. The external factors are as under: Major reduction in the market value of an asset or the CGU because of the customary wear and tear or time lapse. The market capitalisation value is less than the value at which the assets of the corporation are being reflected in the balance sheet of the company. The discounting rate at which the value-in-use of the assets are to be calculated has increased because of an increment of the market interest rate and due to this the recoverable amount of the asset or the CGU will fall. The asset of the company has become obsolete due to an unexpected technological change. The internal factors are enumerated as under: Any kind of an injury or damage suffered by the asset because of which its value has deteriorated. The company has not been performing well. If the company is going into any kind of a major acquisition and the carrying amount of the asset is higher than the carrying amount of the investees assets also leads to impairment of assets (Kpmg.com, 2010). Further whenever impairment happens of the entire CGU, then the impairment of the goodwill happens first to the entire amount. Therefore in case of goodwill impairment, proportionate basis is not applicable. It is also vital for the company to understand the concept of reversal of impairment as in the case of Goodwill impairment, reversal does not happen of the said asset (Ramanna Watts, 2012). Thus there may be situations wherein the assets once impaired in the past may be reversed. However the same is possible only if the scenario is such which indicates that there has been a change in the estimate of the carrying amount of the asset which is greater than the present carrying amount. But the reversal of the asset is possible only limited to the depreciated historical value of the asset which would have been if the asset was not impaired. Lastly the said standard also explains the disclosure requirements. They are as under: The company will have to disclose the amount recognized as impairment loss or the amount reversed in the profit and loss account and the comprehensive income as well. In case of segmental reporting the company will have to disclose the amount of impairment or its reversal in that particular segments income statement as well as comprehensive income statement. The factors or the various indicators which led to impairment. The methodology used for the calculation of the recoverable amount of the asset being impaired. Therefore, Longreach Ltd. should adhere to the said standard as it will help the investors to get a clearer view of the companys position as well as state the assets at its actual value and not at an inflated rate (Bond et.al , 2013). Therefore impairment enables the company to publish the true worth of the assets of the company. 2. As per AASB 136, Impairment of Assets, impairment of assets or a CGU of an entity takes place if there are adequate indications of such an impairment. Further to this all assets are not subject to impairment and the said exception is there as some of these are dealt with by the other accounting standards. Similarly, all the assets of Crossbow Limited is not subject to impairment. Inventory will not be impaired as it is discussed about in the other accounting standard and the brand Crossbow Shoes will also not be subject to impairment as the impairment of assets is being taken place due to the companys online buying strategy wherein the brand value is not hampered or affected. Further it is this brand value which has enabled the company to perform well. Thus apart from these two, all other assets i.e. land, shoe factory, machinery for manufacturing shoes and Goodwill on acquisition of competing companies are subject to impairment as per the standard. In the present case the recoverable amount of the land is known separately therefore a distinct accounting for impairment is to be done for land. As on 30 June 2015, the position of the company financially was $1680000. The estimated recoverable amount is $1420000. Therefore as per the formula the impairment amount is $1680000 - $1420000= $260000. But since the recoverable amount of the land is known separately i.e. $171000 therefore the impairment loss for land will be $200000 - $171000 = $29000. However we donot know the recoverable amount of the rest of the assets therefore as per the rule, goodwill should be impaired at first. Thereafter the rst of the assets will be impaired proportionately. The amount of impairment left after reducing the impairment for land is $260000 - $29000 = $231000. From this amount the entire goodwill of $40000 is impaired and then the remaining amount of $231000-$40000= $191000 is divided amongst the remaining assets i.e. factory and the machinery in the ratio of 7:4. Therefore the impairment loss for factory will be 7/11*191000= $121545 and that of machinery will be 4/11*191000 = $69455. The respective journal entries will be as under: Impairment of land Profit and Loss Account (loss on impairment) Dr...............$29000 To accumulated impairment loss (Land)...........................................$29000 Impairment of remaining assets Profit and Loss Account (loss on impairment) Dr.................$231000 To goodwill A/c.....................................................................................$40000 To accumulated impairment loss (Shoe Factory)A/c...........................$121545 To accumulated impairment loss (machinery) A/c................................$69455 References Australian Accounting Standards Board, (2009), Impairment of Assets- AASB 136, Available at https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB136_07-04_COMPjun09_01-10.pdf (Accessed 16th January 2017) Bond, D., Govendir, B., Wells, P., (2013), An evaluation of asset impairment decisions by Australian Firms and whether this was impacted by AASB 136, Available at https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/ACCDG_Aut15Sem_D.Bond_.pdf (Accessed 16th January 2017) Dagwell, R., Wines, G., Lambert, C., (2012), Corporate Accounting in Australia, Pearson: Australia Kpmg.com, (2010), Impairment Testing, Available at https://www.kpmg.com/AL/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Factsheet/Advisory/Documents/Impairment%20testing.pdf (Accessed 16th January 2017) Ramanna, K. Watts, R. (2012), Evidence on the use of unverifiable estimates in required goodwill impairment, Review of Accounting Studies, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 749-80.