The History and Evolution of Soccer Equipment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 625 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/04 Category Sports Essay Level High school Topics: Soccer Essay Did you like this example? Soccer, or football depending on where your from, is the single most popular sport in the world and has retained that standing almost since the creation of the sport. This means a lot of equipment and apparel is manufactured every year for fans to use and enjoy. Designers and engineers are constantly working to develop this equipment for better performance as well as upgraded style. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The History and Evolution of Soccer Equipment" essay for you Create order Because of this, the gear used to play soccer, or football, has changed drastically throughout time. There are four main pieces of equipment that players typically use in a soccer game. These four items are, soccer cleats, shin guards, the soccer ball, and usually goalkeeper gloves. The ball is obviously the most vital to the actual game but in this day and age, the rest of the equipment has become a necessity for the players. Everyone has a different style in terms of both performance and aesthetic preference. This paper will lead the reader through the decades, describing the history and development of soccer balls, cleats, shin guards, and keeper gloves as they have evolved with the game of soccer. As stated before, the soccer ball is the only piece of equipment absolutely vital to the game. The actual origins of soccer or football is not entirely known but the first recognized, organized play was after association football split from rugby football in England in 1863. Soccer balls before the 1800s were a bit of a mystery as well. A majority of them were made of animal bladders, usually pig, but there are stories and some historical references that give an insight into other soccer ball materials. Many possibilities have been speculated on for the shape and make of the first soccer balls. It has been said that in medieval Europe, villagers would kick around disembodied animal or human heads and skulls. A definite improvement upon these would be the pig and other animal bladders or stitched up pieces of skin that were used in early times to create a ball shape to play with. This took place until the twentieth century, when rubber bladders started to be put into use, and the ball was uneven and much more unpredictable based on the shape or size of the skin or bladder. In 1836 Charles Goodyear found a way to manufacture vulcanized rubber and by 1855 he made the first vulcanized rubber soccer ball. This advancement set in motion huge changes to the game by beginning to give a standard size and shape to the ball soccer is played with. However, this version of the ball still had plenty of its own issues. The vulcanized rubber ball was quite heavy and after time began to reform and had to be replaced. To help solve these problems, H.J. Lindon found a way to make an inflatable rubber bladder. This design was much lighter and kept its shape better, being able to be inflated when starting to lose form. Somewhere around a decade later, the English Football Association, the only governing body for the rules of soccer at the time, decided on the laws regarding the weight, size, and other specifications necessary for a match ball. It was decided that the soccer ball must be a spherical ball with a circumference of 27 to 28 inches. The weight had to be 13 to 15 ounces. It would also be required to have a leather outer casing, or one made of other approved materials. After these laws of the game were passed, soccer balls began being mass produced. Still, these mass produced balls were all hand stitched and because of this had various inconsistencies and relative variation between each ball. An interesting piece of trivia, these rubber, inflatable balls actually became the ones used to invent the game of basketball.

The History and Evolution of Soccer Equipment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 625 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/04 Category Sports Essay Level High school Topics: Soccer Essay Did you like this example? Soccer, or football depending on where your from, is the single most popular sport in the world and has retained that standing almost since the creation of the sport. This means a lot of equipment and apparel is manufactured every year for fans to use and enjoy. Designers and engineers are constantly working to develop this equipment for better performance as well as upgraded style. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The History and Evolution of Soccer Equipment" essay for you Create order Because of this, the gear used to play soccer, or football, has changed drastically throughout time. There are four main pieces of equipment that players typically use in a soccer game. These four items are, soccer cleats, shin guards, the soccer ball, and usually goalkeeper gloves. The ball is obviously the most vital to the actual game but in this day and age, the rest of the equipment has become a necessity for the players. Everyone has a different style in terms of both performance and aesthetic preference. This paper will lead the reader through the decades, describing the history and development of soccer balls, cleats, shin guards, and keeper gloves as they have evolved with the game of soccer. As stated before, the soccer ball is the only piece of equipment absolutely vital to the game. The actual origins of soccer or football is not entirely known but the first recognized, organized play was after association football split from rugby football in England in 1863. Soccer balls before the 1800s were a bit of a mystery as well. A majority of them were made of animal bladders, usually pig, but there are stories and some historical references that give an insight into other soccer ball materials. Many possibilities have been speculated on for the shape and make of the first soccer balls. It has been said that in medieval Europe, villagers would kick around disembodied animal or human heads and skulls. A definite improvement upon these would be the pig and other animal bladders or stitched up pieces of skin that were used in early times to create a ball shape to play with. This took place until the twentieth century, when rubber bladders started to be put into use, and the ball was uneven and much more unpredictable based on the shape or size of the skin or bladder. In 1836 Charles Goodyear found a way to manufacture vulcanized rubber and by 1855 he made the first vulcanized rubber soccer ball. This advancement set in motion huge changes to the game by beginning to give a standard size and shape to the ball soccer is played with. However, this version of the ball still had plenty of its own issues. The vulcanized rubber ball was quite heavy and after time began to reform and had to be replaced. To help solve these problems, H.J. Lindon found a way to make an inflatable rubber bladder. This design was much lighter and kept its shape better, being able to be inflated when starting to lose form. Somewhere around a decade later, the English Football Association, the only governing body for the rules of soccer at the time, decided on the laws regarding the weight, size, and other specifications necessary for a match ball. It was decided that the soccer ball must be a spherical ball with a circumference of 27 to 28 inches. The weight had to be 13 to 15 ounces. It would also be required to have a leather outer casing, or one made of other approved materials. After these laws of the game were passed, soccer balls began being mass produced. Still, these mass produced balls were all hand stitched and because of this had various inconsistencies and relative variation between each ball. An interesting piece of trivia, these rubber, inflatable balls actually became the ones used to invent the game of basketball.

Chinese Culture And Hyper Sensitivity For Chinese American...

The outstanding achievement of Chinese American contributed by both cultural and structural factors that Chinese immigrants encounter before and after the immigration to America. This essay will first examine importance of the interaction of Chinese culture and hyper-selectivity in constructing a new identity for Chinese American after 1960s. Second, argued that why Chinese American being the â€Å"model minority† is a myth. And lastly, discuss the intention behind the model minority myth and the negative effects of â€Å"over achieving† for Chinese Americans. First of all, cultural factors included the pre-existed Keju system in the Ming dynasty, the college entrance examinations, and after school tutoring that can be found in Chinese ethnoburb†¦show more content†¦According to Professor Zhou, there are many after-school tutoring institution in China. Since the college entrance examination was such an importance test for students and their family, many parents would pay for the tutoring centers in hope for a better grade in order for their kids to go to better college, or any college for that matter. These practices was implanted deep to the norms and values of Chinese and it is clear to see why the Chinese American are able to be extraordinary in education after taking structural factors into account. The structural factors included the immigrant selectivity and blocked mobility in the second generation. First of all, the early immigration of Chinese consisted with the â€Å"coolie† patterns, or the Huagong pattern, according to Zhou and Benton in Intra Asian Chinese Migration. (Benton, p. 5) And according to â€Å"The Chinese Diaspora† by Chan, the coolie pattern was the most common pattern of the four different patterns. The characteristic of this pattern was that they were uneducated male peasants as colonized labor in the host country. (Chan, p.9) This early selectivity by the host country, America, led to hyper-selec tivity of immigrants after the immigration act of 1965, the Hart-Celler Act that abolished the immigration quota system with the goal of reuniting the families in U.S. According to Zhou and Lee in â€Å"Hyper-selectivity and theShow MoreRelatedWhirlpool Case Analysis11031 Words   |  45 Pagesthat can be described as global. The industry was invented and still dominated by European and American key manufacturers. However, Asian manufacturers from Japan, Korea, and China are enforcing a strong and rapid growing competition in the last few decades. In terms of global industry aspects, over 65 percent of the global appliances sales are through specialty retailers, the rest is divided between hyper markets, department stores and general merchandisers. 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Minimum Wage My Case to Raise It Free Essays

Introduction In my opinion, minimum wage should be raised.   It is time for the United States to stand up for the original purpose of the Fair Labor Standards Act.   The low wage is hurting the economy as a whole because it is squeezing the lower income level so tightly that they have to make choices between paying rent or buying food. We will write a custom essay sample on Minimum Wage: My Case to Raise It or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The three main reasons for this increase are as follows.   First, an increase in minimum wage would directly impact those at the bottom of the economic ladder.   Second, by increasing minimum wage, you also increase the value of work.   Third, because the cost of living has increased so much, the cost of work must follow its lead.   Due to these reasons, minimum wage must be raised. History In 1938, the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed.   This was a reaction the hard work of women like Jane Adams and Eleanor Roosevelt who were trying to end child labor and increase the standard of living in the poorest communities. The labor unions were advocating for it as early as the late 1800’s when women in the Lowell factories claimed they deserved equal pay and treatment.   Its passage was also influenced by industrial disasters like the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911, which killed many of the young workers in New York.   The Jungle written by Upton Sinclair about the struggles of the working class in Chicago, influenced politicians and communities and caused them to start looking at its workers in a different light and with increased understanding. It set the maximum work week, standards of child labor and overtime pay.   It also created minimum wage.   This is the idea that there is a minimum standard of pay that everyone should be given.   It was set at twenty five cents an hour.   The act succeeded in many ways but it failed in keeping pace with inflation.   Originally, this was written into the act.   Now, raising minimum wage to keep pace with inflation has become a political issue. Usually democrats are in favor of raising the wage and republicans are against it.   Because the federal government has failed to protect its people by raising the wage, many states and cities have taken it upon themselves to raise their own wages. Argument against The conservative argument against raising the wage is primarily economic.   They say  this action hurts the whole economy and doesn’t help the lower classes at all. (Chapman)   Their argument is that if employers have to pay more, they will limit the employees they have or even take their work overseas, which is a valid threat.   They claim that in reality, the people who benefit are in higher economic classes because they learn to manage their businesses more efficiently and the boom lines their pocketbooks. My Argument As my thesis demonstrates I disagree with the conservative stance.   I feel that an  increase in the minimum wage would help the people intended.   It would add value to what they do and keep up with the cost of living, as it was originally designed to do. The lower income families in the U.S. are hurting. â€Å"Today more than 28 million people, about a quarter of the workforce between the ages of 18 and 64, earn less than $9.04 an hour, which translates into a full-time salary of $18,800 a year—the income that marks the federal poverty line for a family of four.† (Working and Poor)   It is extremely difficult, if not impossible to raise a family on that amount of money.   The argument has been made that you can make more money on welfare than working for minimum wage.   What kind of lesson does that teach? So, is the answer raising minimum wage.   According to Jeff Chapman in his brief for the Economic Policy Institute, it is.   â€Å"If the federal wage were raised to $7.00, the bottom 40% or households would receive nearly 60% of the benefits.† (Chapman)   He goes on to say, â€Å"Raising the minimum wage provides income support to families in need.   While it is important to understand that the minimum wage should not be judged solely on its efficiency at targeting low-income families, research shows that it does just that.†(Chapman) Business Weekly agrees with these finding. â€Å"Lifting the minimum wage by $1.50 an hour, would boost the incomes of 10 million workers.† (Working and Poor) My research indicates that raising the minimum wage would be an effective way to target lower income workers and increase their income.   This would help offset the cost of inflation, as I will prove is a necessity. Originally, the wage was designed to increase as the cost of living increased.   This system makes sense.   If things cost more, people need to make more money to afford them—not luxuries, necessities.   If this adjustment is not made, the consequences affect the family, not just the worker. â€Å"Some experts on homelessness say the numbers are growing because of the widening gap between low pay and high rents.† (Kaufman) â€Å"Real pay for the bottom 10 percent of wage earners rose less that one percent in adjusted dollars from 1979 to 2003, according to the Economic Policy Institute. (Kaufman) If the wage doesn’t keep up, how can people afford rent?   If I make just enough to cover my bills, and my rent increases but my salary doesn’t, I have no choice.   I would have to get another job, which may not be a possibility, try to work overtime, which my job might not allow, or move.   What if I live in the cheapest apartment available?   This is the cycle that must be stopped. It leads to hopelessness, debt and in some circumstances, homelessness. â€Å"Even if the minimum wage were not well-targeted at helping those in need, it serves an important role in the U.S. economy and society.   It is a fundamental statment of principle about the value of work, opportunity and the responsibilities of employers.† (Chapman) Increasing minimum wage validates the worker.   As the girls in Lowell were looking for acknowledgement of the value of their work, so do the workers of today search for validation for what they do. When the government raises the wage, they are sending a clear message that they value the workers and understand their position.   The C.E.O. of Costco is quoted as saying, â€Å"We no longer have a motivated working class.† (Working and Poor)   This is a huge problem.   If you can’t take pride in your work, what’s the point of working at all, especially if you can take advantage of the welfare system? If no one values what you do, why try to do any better than the bare minimum? Raising the minimum wage demonstrates employer accountability.   The government is making them responsible for the people their success rests upon.   â€Å"No employer should be allowed to unreasonably profit by exploiting the lack of negotiating power of low-wage workers.† (Chapman)   Labor simply has no power anymore.   The unions have been broken and they have no voice.   Someone has to hold the employers accountable.   Someone must step forward for the workers. An increase in the wage would do just that.   As I have shown, it does have a direct affect on those in the deepest need. â€Å"Everyone should have the opportunity to earn a decent wage.   No American should be compelled to work at a rate that amounts to the federal poverty level.   This is equally true for a middle-class youth working to raise money for college as it is for a single mother supporting a family.† (Chapman) Conclusion Minimum wage is one small part of the Fair Labor Standards Act that was designed to protect the worker.   Society saw its people falling through the cracks and they stood up for those people, claiming that everyone who works hard deserves a chance to succeed.   Minimum wage is the foundation of that success.   I have shown three strong reasons for the need to increase minimum wage.   The first is that raising the wage directly affects those in the greatest need. They do benefit from a raise as it corresponds to the raise in the cost of living. My second reason demonstrated this.   As the cost of living increases so should the minimum wage.   This way, workers can easily adjust their earnings to cover new expenses and not have to make hard decisions that could greatly impact their families.   The third reason is philosophical. Adding value to the worker validates the job that is being done.   When employers are held to greater accountability, the working class feels they are appreciated.   This is so important for our society.   Welfare shouldn’t have to be an option for a family willing to work and take part in the economy.   Without a raise in the minimum wage, this might be a serious threat.   â€Å"Equality means dignity.   And dignity demands a job and a paycheck that lasts through the week.† (Weisman)   I feel this quote from Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. conclude my thoughts on this subject. How to cite Minimum Wage: My Case to Raise It, Essay examples

Corporate Accounting and Reporting Longreach Ltd

Questions: 1.Write a report to management, specifically explaining the purpose of the impairment test,how the existence of goodwill will affect the impairment test and the basic steps to be followed in applying the impairment test? 2.Prepare the journal entry(ies) for any impairment loss occurring at 30 June 2015? Answers: 1. IAS 36 and AASB 136, both details about the impairment of assets. Both these standards main aim is to focus upon the methods to be used to conduct a test with regards the impairment of the assets of any corporate so that the assets are not being shown on the balance sheet at a value which is higher than its recoverable amount. In such a case the amount by which the value of an asset falls is described under the head impairment loss . The accounting standard not only talks about the accounting part of the same but also states about the various situations when such impairment can be reversed and the relevant disclosures to be made. The impairment test is conducted at the end of the financial year of the company of all the assets that exist on the balance sheet of the company but for some exceptions such as stock in trade, construction contracts, deferred tax assets, financial assets, insurance contracts and on-current assets which are held for sale or disposal in the near future (Australian Accounting Standards Board, 2009). The simple reason behind the same is that these assets are covered under other standards separately. Thus leaving these assets, if any of the other assets is subject to impairment due to indications, then the same should undergo an impairment test and the amount should be captured in the income statement of the reporting entity as well as the balance sheet. Longreach Ltd will have to follow some steps for conducting the impairment test. First and foremost it is very important for the company to understand whether the carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount. Thus, recoverable amount should be calculated at the beginning if there are signals for impairment. For calculating the recoverable amount of the asset the fair value of the asset less the cost of selling the asset and the value-in-use i.e. the NPV of the future cash flows of the asset are calculated and the higher of the two is considered to be the recoverable amount of the asset. Further the difference between the recoverable amount and the present carrying amount is calculated and the same is defined as the impairment loss. Thus the above mentioned basic steps are to be followed while calculating the impairment loss. Therefore there are some terms which the company should understand in depth which are as follows: Carrying Amount: It is the value of the asset that reflects in the balance sheet of the company after taking into consideration the accumulated depreciation loss and impairment loss. Cash Generating Unit (CGU): It is a small cluster of assets that helps to produce cash for a company. Value-in Use: The net present value of the future cash flows of an asset or a CGU is termed as value-in-use (Dagwell et.al. 2012). However the above steps are to be conducted only if there exists an indication for impairment of any asset. Factors that indicate impairment can be internal as well as external to the company which Longreach Ltd should consider. The external factors are as under: Major reduction in the market value of an asset or the CGU because of the customary wear and tear or time lapse. The market capitalisation value is less than the value at which the assets of the corporation are being reflected in the balance sheet of the company. The discounting rate at which the value-in-use of the assets are to be calculated has increased because of an increment of the market interest rate and due to this the recoverable amount of the asset or the CGU will fall. The asset of the company has become obsolete due to an unexpected technological change. The internal factors are enumerated as under: Any kind of an injury or damage suffered by the asset because of which its value has deteriorated. The company has not been performing well. If the company is going into any kind of a major acquisition and the carrying amount of the asset is higher than the carrying amount of the investees assets also leads to impairment of assets (Kpmg.com, 2010). Further whenever impairment happens of the entire CGU, then the impairment of the goodwill happens first to the entire amount. Therefore in case of goodwill impairment, proportionate basis is not applicable. It is also vital for the company to understand the concept of reversal of impairment as in the case of Goodwill impairment, reversal does not happen of the said asset (Ramanna Watts, 2012). Thus there may be situations wherein the assets once impaired in the past may be reversed. However the same is possible only if the scenario is such which indicates that there has been a change in the estimate of the carrying amount of the asset which is greater than the present carrying amount. But the reversal of the asset is possible only limited to the depreciated historical value of the asset which would have been if the asset was not impaired. Lastly the said standard also explains the disclosure requirements. They are as under: The company will have to disclose the amount recognized as impairment loss or the amount reversed in the profit and loss account and the comprehensive income as well. In case of segmental reporting the company will have to disclose the amount of impairment or its reversal in that particular segments income statement as well as comprehensive income statement. The factors or the various indicators which led to impairment. The methodology used for the calculation of the recoverable amount of the asset being impaired. Therefore, Longreach Ltd. should adhere to the said standard as it will help the investors to get a clearer view of the companys position as well as state the assets at its actual value and not at an inflated rate (Bond et.al , 2013). Therefore impairment enables the company to publish the true worth of the assets of the company. 2. As per AASB 136, Impairment of Assets, impairment of assets or a CGU of an entity takes place if there are adequate indications of such an impairment. Further to this all assets are not subject to impairment and the said exception is there as some of these are dealt with by the other accounting standards. Similarly, all the assets of Crossbow Limited is not subject to impairment. Inventory will not be impaired as it is discussed about in the other accounting standard and the brand Crossbow Shoes will also not be subject to impairment as the impairment of assets is being taken place due to the companys online buying strategy wherein the brand value is not hampered or affected. Further it is this brand value which has enabled the company to perform well. Thus apart from these two, all other assets i.e. land, shoe factory, machinery for manufacturing shoes and Goodwill on acquisition of competing companies are subject to impairment as per the standard. In the present case the recoverable amount of the land is known separately therefore a distinct accounting for impairment is to be done for land. As on 30 June 2015, the position of the company financially was $1680000. The estimated recoverable amount is $1420000. Therefore as per the formula the impairment amount is $1680000 - $1420000= $260000. But since the recoverable amount of the land is known separately i.e. $171000 therefore the impairment loss for land will be $200000 - $171000 = $29000. However we donot know the recoverable amount of the rest of the assets therefore as per the rule, goodwill should be impaired at first. Thereafter the rst of the assets will be impaired proportionately. The amount of impairment left after reducing the impairment for land is $260000 - $29000 = $231000. From this amount the entire goodwill of $40000 is impaired and then the remaining amount of $231000-$40000= $191000 is divided amongst the remaining assets i.e. factory and the machinery in the ratio of 7:4. Therefore the impairment loss for factory will be 7/11*191000= $121545 and that of machinery will be 4/11*191000 = $69455. The respective journal entries will be as under: Impairment of land Profit and Loss Account (loss on impairment) Dr...............$29000 To accumulated impairment loss (Land)...........................................$29000 Impairment of remaining assets Profit and Loss Account (loss on impairment) Dr.................$231000 To goodwill A/c.....................................................................................$40000 To accumulated impairment loss (Shoe Factory)A/c...........................$121545 To accumulated impairment loss (machinery) A/c................................$69455 References Australian Accounting Standards Board, (2009), Impairment of Assets- AASB 136, Available at https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB136_07-04_COMPjun09_01-10.pdf (Accessed 16th January 2017) Bond, D., Govendir, B., Wells, P., (2013), An evaluation of asset impairment decisions by Australian Firms and whether this was impacted by AASB 136, Available at https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/ACCDG_Aut15Sem_D.Bond_.pdf (Accessed 16th January 2017) Dagwell, R., Wines, G., Lambert, C., (2012), Corporate Accounting in Australia, Pearson: Australia Kpmg.com, (2010), Impairment Testing, Available at https://www.kpmg.com/AL/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Factsheet/Advisory/Documents/Impairment%20testing.pdf (Accessed 16th January 2017) Ramanna, K. Watts, R. (2012), Evidence on the use of unverifiable estimates in required goodwill impairment, Review of Accounting Studies, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 749-80.

Kant in “Hotel Rwanda” Essay Example

Kant in â€Å"Hotel Rwanda† Essay Kant in â€Å"Hotel Rwanda† The Ethical theory of Emmanuel Kant is based on the idea that morality is based on good will, not happiness. Kant believed that as long as a person had good intent, then the action was also good no matter what the outcome was. If a person chose to do something good, but for unmoral reasons rather than out of respect for the law, then they did not have good intent and therefore the action is bad, even if it has good consequences. To determine whether or not a persons intent is good, one must decide whether they are a generally good person who can have good will, and then ask if the choice they are making a choice anyone in the world could make, or is it a special exception. This is called Kant’s â€Å"universal law. † Kant’s â€Å"universal law† can be applied to all actions, such as the choices made by the characters in the movie Hotel Rwanda, to determine whether it was good or bad, according to his theory. In the movie hotel Rwanda, the main character Paul makes several important decisions that save not only the lives of his wife and children, but also his guests, neighbors, and many complete strangers. To most people, his actions would be considered good, and incredibly heroic, but according to Kant, not all of them would be. For example, his choice not to help his neighbors when he sees them being beaten and captured by the Hutu army. We will write a custom essay sample on Kant in â€Å"Hotel Rwanda† specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Kant in â€Å"Hotel Rwanda† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Kant in â€Å"Hotel Rwanda† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His intention was to save himself and his family by staying out of it, but that is not a good intent because it does not obey moral law. The moral thing to do would be to try and stop them because killing others is not respectful of the law. Although he and his family were saved, and he eventually saved others, according to Kant his intent was bad, so it was not a moral choice. An example of a moral choice Paul makes was his decision to stay behind and help the other refugees escape instead of leaving with his family. He had good will because he stayed to help out of respect for the lives of others. He had the ability to help and he chose to leave his family and do so, which was the moral thing to do. According to Kant, his intent was good and that is what makes his action good, not the fact that it had good consequences. Kant’s theory supports the idea that why a person does something is more important than what they do or what happens. For example, when Pat the ed-cross worker decides to return to the orphanage to save a second set of Tutsi children even though it was a risk to her own life. She chose to do so not for personal gain or recognition, but because she had respect for all life and it was her duty as a human to help. Anyone could have made the choice to help them, so it was good under universal law. Although all the children were killed despite her attempts to save them, her intent was good and therefore her choice was a morally correct one.

Napoleons Height Revealed

Napoleons Height Revealed Napoleon Bonaparte is chiefly remembered for two things in the English-speaking world: being a conqueror of no small ability and for being short. He still inspires devotion and hatred for winning a series of titanic battles, expanding an empire across much of Europe, and then destroying it all as a result of a failed invasion of Russia. He continued the reforms of the French Revolution (arguably not in the spirit of the revolution) and established a model which remains in some countries to this day. But for better or worse, the most famous thing most people believe about him is still that he was short. Was Napoleon Really Unusually Short? It turns out that Napoleon wasnt particularly short at all. Napoleon is sometimes described as being 5 foot 2 inches tall, which would definitely make him short for his era. However, there is a strong argument that this figure is wrong and that Napoleon was actually 5 foot 7 inches tall, no shorter than the average Frenchman.   Napoleons height has been the subject of many psychological profiles. He’s sometimes cited as the chief example of short man syndrome, whereby short men act more aggressively than their larger counterparts to make up for their lack of height. Certainly, there are few people more aggressive than a man who defeated his rivals time after time across almost an entire continent and only stopped when dragged to a very small, far away island. But if Napoleon was of average height, the easy psychology doesnt work for him. English or French Measurements? Why is there such a discrepancy in historic descriptions of Napoleons height? As he was one of the most famous men of his era, it would seem reasonable to assume that his contemporaries knew how tall he was. But the problem may have been due to a difference in measurements between the English and French-speaking worlds. The French inch was actually longer than the British inch, leading to any height sounding shorter to the English speaking world. In 1802 a doctor called Corvisart said Napoleon was 5 foot 2 inches by the French measurement, which equates to about 5 foot 6 in British. Intriguingly, in the same statement, Corvisart said that Napoleon was of short stature, so it may be that people already assumed Napoleon was small by 1802, or that people assumed the average Frenchmen was much taller. The Autopsy Matters are confused by the autopsy, which was carried out by Napoleon’s doctor, Frenchman Francesco Antommarchi, who gave 5 foot 2 as his height. But was the autopsy, which was signed off by a number of British doctors and in a British owned area, in British or French measures? We don’t know for sure, with some people adamant the height was in British units and others French. When other sources are factored in, including another measurement after the autopsy in British measurements, people generally conclude with the height of 5 foot 5-7 inches British, or 5 foot 2 in French, but there is still some doubt. Le Petit Caporal and Larger Bodyguards If Napoleons lack of height is a myth, it may have been perpetuated by Napoleon’s army, because the emperor was often surrounded by much larger bodyguards and soldiers, giving the impression of him being smaller. This was especially true of the Imperial Guard units which had height requirements, leading to them all being taller than him. Napoleon was even named the le petit caporal,  often translated as little corporal, even though it was a term of affection rather than a description of his height, further leading to people assuming he was short. The idea was certainly perpetuated by the propaganda of his enemies, who portrayed him as short as a way of attacking and undermining him.

Formal Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Formal Report - Research Paper Example The study utilizes information from both secondary and primary sources. The primary source of the information is a questionnaire that was submitted to Market Industry Service Branch of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC). The results were analyzed and some statistically projected to create an overview of the trade and its success rate. The secondary sources utilized in the report include internet searches, some scholarly articles reporting on Canada’s agri-food business and Hong Kong’s demographics and current food situation. The other secondary sources include articles in periodicals and a book that details comprehensive information on cold chain logistics. The report is addressed to AAFC, which in turn is supposed to expand the business ties of Agri-food products to Hong Kong. The key outcome of the report is that UTi Worldwide Inc. has a potential business opportunity to provide the refrigerated transport services for Agri-food from Canada to Hong Kong. The coming of globalization has converted the world into one small village where some key important factors towards economic growth such as communication, and transportation have become easy to achieve. However, when it comes to logistics it is important to note that physical separation remains to be an important reality that we have to keep in mind (Theo Notteboom and Rodrigue 217). It takes a considerable time to efficiently and effectively to transport goods over long distances especially overseas. This shipment becomes a delicate business especially when there are delays and the shipment is for perishable products. It is for this reason that many industries such as food, medical, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries are resorting to the cold chain technology. Many transportation companies have realized this niche and developed specialized services that focus on transportation of

Beyond Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Beyond Budgeting - Essay Example Traditional budgeting is no longer valid in the emerging information age that is why hospitality industry needs to move ‘beyond budgeting.’ This is an alternative management model that promotes flexibility, devolution, and value maximization. This suggestion is supported by empirical investigation of hospitality budgeting mostly in the United Kingdom and United States. It is believed that Beyond Budgeting fits the progressive N-form organizational structure wherein full potential of the organization and the people are being liberated. Nowadays, most organizations are facing considerable barriers in managing their performance capabilities particularly in the areas of budgeting. Hospitality industry is one of those industries that desperately need to experience a new management structure and performance budgeting system in the emerging information age. Traditional budgeting model is said to be universally disliked because the concept is expensive, it takes too long to respond, and a minimized value. Shareholders as well as customers are pressuring the industry to consider an alternative management model that is designed to eliminate conflicts in the organization as well as the reduction of costs and bureaucracy. Aside from being cost effective and strategic, the new management model must also coincide with the business goals of the twenty-first century. This vision is a great challenge to every organization because it requires â€Å"a new set of management process and new style of leadership...a new coherence amon g these management process and leadership principles to liberate full potential of the organization and its people† (Hope & Fraser, 2003, p.17). Beyond Budgeting is the model that has a capacity to manage performance and at the same time control the organization without budgets. However, the success of this concept is still doubtful to many organizations considering that

French Revolution (1789) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

French Revolution (1789) - Essay Example lic and in 1793 executed the king. The formation of the National assembly, a body of people who were picked out of the middle classes, was an important development during the year of 1792. This led to an understanding on part of both the king and the bourgeoisie of the power of a collective, which strengthened the foundations of the goal to come out of political and social upheaval. According to a scholar, David Sibalis, the formation of the National Assembly represented an attempt on the part of the Parisian middle classes to â€Å"provide themselves with some minimal economic security through their own efforts.†3 Many of these efforts were frustrated by later events of the Revolution but the events of 1789 displayed a passion and fervor on the part of the Parisian middle classes to rise above their petty divisions and fight for the causes of equality that the French Revolution stands for, even today. The fight was also against what Barry M. Shapiro, a researcher, refers to a s an â€Å"irrational and inhumane judicial system†4 that refused to fix every subject of the state equally. According to a historian Eric Hobsbawn, the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 reflected the third estate’s passion and enthusiasm.5 Disgruntled soldiers joined the movement rioters who sought to storm the Bastille. Although the Bastille was a prison, it was also an armory, which the revolutionaries needed to continue their movement. It was also intended as a warning to the higher powers of Paris. The demand of the public for a constitutional monarchy that would lead to the formation of a republic had gained momentum in Paris and the middle classes saw in this idea the promise of a better future. The storming of the Bastille assumes greater implications once one takes these factors of the storming into regard. The storming of the battle, the, becomes a symbolic attack on the tyranny that the nobles and the king practiced upon the citizens of France. Accor ding to a historian, Richard Burton, the Bastille formed a â€Å"nexus of fears and phobias whose hold over the eighteenth century Parisian mind is not to be doubted.†6 It is this tenacious hold that the act of the storming of the Bastille sought to loosen, consciously or unconsciously. Paris being the capital of the country, not only was aware of the nature of the exploitation that was happening, but Parisians were also the first to be affected by the mismanagement of the economy. They possessed the ability, due to their proximity to the centers of power, to analyses and understand the causes of the miserable conditions of their existence, as they existed in 1789. These conditions reached a peak when the Bastille was stormed. This action in itself, shorn of it symbolic significance, appears a trivial one since there weren’t any important people in the Bastille who could have been harmed. As a prison of the French government, however, the Bastille had turned into a sym bol of the tyranny that caused great misery to the lives of the French people. The

Christianity and islam

Christianity and islam Reflection Paper: Both Christianity and Islam are very wide spread religions in the world which have a great impact on the lives of their believers especially spiritually. Their common originality, values and some believes has enabled most of their believers to respect and try to understand each others faith. In most nations of the world these two religions have formed the bases of the countries laws and are highly recognized by the governments. Though Christianity is widely spread compared to Islam, they impose the same challenge to each other Considering the similarities and the differences between Islam and Christianity, the two can be said to be very different since the main prophets and the holy books which form the basis and guidance of the respective religions are not acceptable to the other. Christian faith is based on birth, crucification, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ who is the messiah which is contrary to the Muslims view of Christ being just a prophet among the many. Comparison between the two religions was much easier because theres a clear difference between the beliefs of the religions as well as practices in time of worship. This is because in day today life of the respective believers their religious views are aired. Getting the historic origin of the two religions was much easier especially that of Christianity which begun as a Jewish sect in the Mediterranean and Islam in the 7th century after the death of Prophet Muhammad. Getting the differences between the two both being Abrahamic religions and the holy books the Quran and the Bible referring to similar ancient people like Isaac and Ishmael in a related context. Introduction Christianity is a religious belief which begun as a Jewish belief and is seen as Abrahamic religion. Its followers are referred to as Christians. They believe in Jesus Christ the messiah as the prophet send by God to save mankind and the holy bible as the guide of their faith. They also believe that the messiah who came in the form of mankind suffered, died and resurrected to remiss them of their sins. It is also believed that he would return to reward those who have lived according to the doctrines taught by the holy bible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Islam is an Arabic word meaning submission and therefore Islam religion is believed to be an Abrahamic religion which believes in submission to the almighty God Allah and Muhammad as the prophet. Quran is the holy book believed to be the guideline of the Muslims who are the of the Islamic religion. It is believed that Allah repeatedly revealed it to Muhammad verbally through angel Jibril and the original Arabic version is the final revelation from God which is verbal. Historic background According to Stern(11-15) Christianity originates from the word kristos which is a Greek word meaning the anointed one and it is a monotheistic religion. It guided by the life and teachings of Christ Jesus as shown in the holy bible. It begun as a Jewish sect from the eastern Mediterranean in the first century and by the 4th century was already dominant in the Roman Empire. Most of Europe was Christianized by the Middle Ages but Middle East, North Africa and some regions in India remained with minority Christians. It spread to America, Australasia and all over the world through colonization, discovery work and missionary work hence became a major influence in Western civilization shaping. Thrower argued that It is the words largest religion and represents about a quarter of the entire population, also considered as a state religion in several countries (21-25) It is categorized into three groups: Catholics, Protestants and orthodox.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Islam began developing as from the 7th century with the reconstruction of Prophet Muhammads life after his death. It started spreading in Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia after Prophet Muhammads first recitation of the Quran. According to Williams (1994) The Great Mosque of Kairouan is considered as origin of the western Islamic world mosques and is preserved up to now. Reference to Abdul-Rahman Islamic dynasties like Ottomans and Mughals collapsed under the European imperial sway during 18th and 19th centuries (141-160). Muhammad started conveying Islam at Mecca and later moved to Medina where the tribes of Arabia were united to a polity of Arab Muslim religion.Umar succeeded him in 634 following his death. The other successors were Uthman ibn al-Affan and Ali ibn Talib; the four are referred to as al-khulafa ar-rashidun. Several conflicts followed over political and religious leadership which led to the rise of schism amongst the Muslims. Basically the origin of I slam is tied to the economic, political and military. Similarities between Islam and Christianity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Strachey (62-69) both Islam and Christianity are Abrahamic religions or in other words believe in the existence of one supreme God. They both share common values and origin which is found in Judaism when the people of Israel were given Torah. Islam was founded by Muhammad referring to the Quran while Christianity was started by the followers of Jesus of Nazareth but they both acknowledge a spiritual tradition related to Abraham. For the two religions, God rules, judges, forgives and hes the creator of the universe. Jerusalem is also of major importance to both religions. It was the city where Christ was brought up, crucified, buried as well as resurrected. He also healed, preached and cleansed the temple so its considered as a holy place. The Al-Aqsa mosque in Sura Al-Isra also called the ‘furthest mosque is located in Jerusalem the holy land. Abdul-Rahman (55-64) the first Muslims also prayed towards Jerusalem not Mecca and it was also the plac e where Muhammad ascended to heaven. The two religions also affirm that God sends angels and prophets to convey messages to his people and through inspired scriptures reveals his divine will. They also believe in the judgement day when God will intervene in the history of mankind and determine their eternal lives depending on personal beliefs and actions. Both religions believe in the power of prayer and fasting as taught by their earlier prophets. Differences between Islam and Christianity Thrower(30-58) argues that Islam disagrees with some of the Christian beliefs about Jesus Christ like him being the son of God and savior of mankind, also the holy trinity of there being God the father, the son and the Holy Spirit. Christians reject Islams prophet and Quran while the Muslims support that God guides Christians but they perceive scriptures in their own interest. It is also different the way Muslims perceive the birth of Jesus compared to Christians. They believe that Jesus was created like Abraham while Christians believe that he was conceived by Virgin Mary through the Holy Spirit. They also believe that Jesus was to be crucified but was miraculously saved while Christians believe he was crucified but resurrected. Christians believe that the bible is Gods holy book which was written by people inspired by God and it teaches the will of God on mankind while the Muslims accept but believe that it has been corrupted to fit peoples interests over the years. Conclusion Christianity and Islam are major worlds religions with the latter having a greater number of followers. They share common origin, values and some believes like God being supreme, prophets being Gods messengers and judgement of humanity based on personal actions and faith while on earth. The Quran and the Bible are considered as the two holy books written through Gods inspiration though the Quran is believed was verbally revealed to prophet. Muhammad through angel Jibril. The two religions have some major differences like the birth, crucification, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. They also differ in the originality of the holy bible as compared to that of the holy Quran as well as its interpretation by the Christians. The similarities between the two outweigh the differences. Works Cited Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad, Saed. Islam questions and answers. Volume 22, MSA Publication Limited. Saudi Arabia. 1972 Lewis, Bernard Churchill, Buntzie, Ellis. In the religion and the people. Illustrated. Wharton School Publishing, U.S.A, 2008 Stern, Bernard, Joseph. Science society, Volume 12, 1-3, Concept Publishing Company, 1948. Strachey, Lytton Holroyd Michael. Eminent Victorians, Nile Penguin Classics, 1986. Thrower, James. Marxist-Leninist â€Å"scientific atheism† and the study of religion and atheism in the USSR. Volume 25. Vienna ; Walter de Gruyter, 1983. Willliams, John, Adel. The Word of Islam. University of Texas. Qayrawan. 1994

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot Essay -- Medica

After her death in 1951, for six decades, Henrietta Lacks did not exist in the eyes of the society, but her cells did. How? Well, the answer is quite simple. HeLa Cells are the first immortal human cells. These cells never die and multiply every twenty-four hours. After spending 10 years to perfect her first book, author of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Rebecca Skloot essentially captured the life, the death, and aftermath of Henrietta Lacks’ life. With controversial issues regarding science, ethics, race, and class Skloot takes us on an extraordinary journey. From the â€Å"colored† ward of Johns Hopkins Hospital in the 1950s to stark white laboratories with freezers full of HeLa cells, from Henrietta’s small, dying hometown of Clover, Virginia to East Baltimore, where her children and grandchildren live and struggle with the legacy of her cells, Skloot remarkably shows the story of the Lacks family is inextricably connected to the dark history of experi mentation on African Americans along with the issue of bioethics, and legal battles over whether we control the stuff we are made of. The most intriguing aspect of this story is how is it that HeLa cells were used to develop the polio vaccine, uncover secrets of cancer, viruses’, and the effects of the atomic bomb, and help lead to important advancements for vitro fertilization, cloning, and genes mapping, yet, her five children are not even covered by medical insurance. Can’t the family sue for a profit? This question has been asked multiple times and in various forms, but the answer remains controversial. As Skloot addresses in her book, many lawyers point out that the family â€Å"cannot sue over the cells being taken†¦[but] they could attempt to stop HeLa research through a law... ... May 2010. Moreno, Jonathan D. "Lessons Learned A Half-Century of Experimenting on Humans." The Humanist Sept. 1999: 9. Questia. Web. 31 May 2010. "Nazi Neighbour; Nathan Gasch Moved to the US to Escape His Holocaust Memories but Six Decades on He Discovered the Man Next Door Was an SS Guard. at the Camp Where He Had Been a Prisoner." The Mirror (London, England) 6 Oct. 2007: 31. Questia. Web. 31 May 2010. "S. Fla. Hospital Called 'Most Dangerous' - Health News Story - WPLG Miami." Just News | Miami News, Fort Lauderdale News, Florida News, Weather | WPLG Local 10. Local 10 News, 14 Sept. 2009. Web. 27 May 2010. . Skloot, Rebecca. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. New York: Crown, 2010. Print. Williams, Patricia J. "State of Denial." The Nation 13 Oct. 2003: 10. Questia. Web. 31 May 2010.

The Cause of Terrorism

Terrorism is, in the most general sense, the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. [1] At present, the International community has been unable to formulate a universally agreed, legally binding, criminal law definition of terrorism. [2][3] Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians). Some definitions also include acts of unlawful violence and war. The history of terrorist organizations suggests that they do not select terrorism for its political effectiveness. [4] Individual terrorists tend to be motivated more by a desire for social solidarity with other members of their organization than by political platforms or strategic objectives, which are often murky and undefined. [4] The word â€Å"terrorism† is politically and emotionally charged,[5] and this greatly compounds the difficulty of providing a precise definition. Studies have found over 100 definitions of â€Å"terrorism†. 6][7] The concept of terrorism may itself be controversial as it is often used by state authorities to delegitimize political or other opponents,[8] and potentially legitimize the state's own use of armed force against opponents (such use of force may itself be described as â€Å"terror† by opponents of the state. ). [8][9] A less politically and emotionally charged, and more easily definable, term is violent non-state actor[10] ( though the semantic scope of this term includes not only â€Å"terrorists,† while excluding some individuals or groups who have previously been described as â€Å"terrorists†). citation needed] Terrorism has been practiced by a broad array of political organizations for furthering their objectives. It has been practiced by both right-wing and left-wing political parties, nationalistic groups, religious groups, revolutionaries, and ruling governments. [11] One form is the use of violence against noncombatants for the purpose of gaining publicity for a group, cause, or individual. [12]

Haratio Algar essays

Haratio Algar essays Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s America was overwhelmed with the idea of expanding its boundaries west of the Mississippi River. Stories of the lone pioneers who traveled west without a penny to their name and were able to achieve wealth through hard work and perseverance spread far and wide. Authors such as Horatio Alger only further supported this belief by writing books that told tales of such success. Many believe that this fascination translated into the fear over the transition from an agrarian to an industrial society. In the mid 1800s America seemed to spread its boundaries from the Mississippi to the Pacific overnight. This expansion created an abundance of land, which was mainly acquired by large railroad companies. Trying to turn excess lands into quick profits by selling it these companies used the few stories of successful pioneers in the west as a basis of creating a stir in the east by blanketing cities with leaflets that promised health, good fortune and Gods bounty in the areas that they owned. This created the American folk figure that we now know as the lone pioneer. The lone pioneer was a man who came from meager beginnings, and after establishing himself in the west, found an abundance of success and wealth. Such rags to riches stories gave hope to people in the east who were struggling to create a good life for themselves and their families by working in the rising American industrial economy. The growth of industry created uncertainty in the minds of many Americans. They we re uneasy about the transfer from the agrarian society to an industrial one because the agrarian way of life had worked for them and many generations of Americans that had preceded them. The emotion that many Americans felt at the time was only further supported by the literature of the time. Writers such as Horatio Alger captured the essence, emotion, soul and especially the spirit ...

Free Essays on Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach was one of the greatest composers in Western musical history. More than 1,000 of his compositions survive. Some examples are the Art of Fugue, Brandenburg Concerti, the Goldberg Variations for Harpsichord, the Mass in B-Minor, the motets, the Easter and Christmas oratorios, Toccata in F Major, French Suite No 5, Fugue in G Major, Fugue in G Minor ("The Great"), St. Matthew Passion, and Jesu Der Du Meine Seele. He came from a family of musicians. There were over 53 musicians in his family over a period of 300 years. Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, Germany on March 21, 1685. His father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, was a talented violinist, and taught his son the basic skills for string playing; another relation, the organist at Eisenach's most important church, instructed the young boy on the organ. In 1695 his parents died and he was only 10 years old. He went to go stay with his older brother, Johann Christoph, who was a professional organist at Ohrdruf. Johann Christoph was a professional organist, and continued his younger brother's education on that instrument, as well as on the harpsichord. After several years in this arrangement, Johann Sebastian won a scholarship to study in Luneberg, Northern Germany, and so left his brother's tutelage. A master of several instruments while still in his teens, Johann Sebastian first found employment at the age of 18 as a "lackey and violinist" in a court orchestra in Weimar; soon after, he took the job of organist at a church in Arnstadt. Here, as in later posts, his perfectionist tendencies and high expectations of other musicians - for example, the church choir - rubbed his colleagues the wrong way, and he was embroiled in a number of hot disputes during his short tenure. In 1707, at the age of 22, Bach became fed up with the lousy musical standards of Arnstadt (and the working conditions) and moved on to another organist job, this time at the St. Blasius Church ... Free Essays on BACH Free Essays on BACH Johann Sebastian Bach was one of the greatest composers in Western musical history. More than 1,000 of his compositions survive. Some examples are the Art of Fugue, Brandenburg Concerti, the Goldberg Variations for Harpsichord, the Mass in B-Minor, the motets, the Easter and Christmas oratorios, Toccata in F Major, French Suite No 5, Fugue in G Major, Fugue in G Minor ("The Great"), St. Matthew Passion, and Jesu Der Du Meine Seele. He came from a family of musicians. There were over 53 musicians in his family over a period of 300 years. Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, Germany on March 21, 1685. His father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, was a talented violinist, and taught his son the basic skills for string playing; another relation, the organist at Eisenach's most important church, instructed the young boy on the organ. In 1695 his parents died and he was only 10 years old. He went to go stay with his older brother, Johann Christoph, who was a professional organist at Ohrdruf. Johann Christoph was a professional organist, and continued his younger brother's education on that instrument, as well as on the harpsichord. After several years in this arrangement, Johann Sebastian won a scholarship to study in Luneberg, Northern Germany, and so left his brother's tutelage. A master of several instruments while still in his teens, Johann Sebastian first found employment at the age of 18 as a "lackey and violinist" in a court orchestra in Weimar; soon after, he took the job of organist at a church in Arnstadt. Here, as in later posts, his perfectionist tendencies and high expectations of other musicians - for example, the church choir - rubbed his colleagues the wrong way, and he was embroiled in a number of hot disputes during his short tenure. In 1707, at the age of 22, Bach became fed up with the lousy musical standards of Arnstadt (and the working conditions) and moved on to another organist job, this time at the St. Blasius Church ... Free Essays on Bach Bach As time passes, many composers leave unforgettable marks that people today look back onto and try to aspire to. Johann Sebastion Back, whom is no exception to this idiom, left a indelible mark. Many look back to his works to both learn and admire. He truly can be considered a music great. Bach, who came from a family of many musicians, was nothing short of a virtuosic instrumentalist as well as a masterful composer. Born in Eisenach, Germany, on March 21, 1685, he was the son of Johann Ambrosius Bach. He taught his son the basic skills for string playing. Later Bach started playing the organ, which is the instrument he is known for in history. His instruction on the organ came from the player at Eisenach's most important church. He instructed the young boy rather rigorously until his skills went over anyone's expectations for someone of such a young age. Bach suffered greatly when his parents died in 1695. He then went to live with his older brother, Johann Christoph, who also was a professional organist. He continued his younger brother's education on that instrument, as well as introducing him to the harpsichord. After several years of studying with his older brother, he was given a scholarship to study in Luneberg, Germany. As a result, he left his brother and went to go and study there. The teenage years brought Bach to several parts of Germany. He mainly worked as an organist in churches because that is what he perfected from his young training. However, Johann Sebastian first found employment at the age of 18 as a violinist in a court orchestra in Weimar. Although he did not stay there very long, he was able to make good a good sum of money playing for the king. He soon after worked as a church organist in Arnstadt. It was here that Bach realized his standards and regards that he had for music. In Arnstadt as well as in many other places that Bach worked, he was known for getting into fights because of the quality of... Free Essays on Bach Johann Sebastian Bach A Great Contributor Of Music Throughout the history of music, many great composers, theorists, and instrumentalists have left indelible marks and influences that people today look back on to admire and aspire to. No exception to this idiom is Johann Sebastian Bach, whose impact on music was unforgettable to say the least. People today look back to his writings and works to both learn and admire. He truly can be considered a music history great. Bach, who came from a family of over 53 musicians, was nothing short of a virtuosic instrumentalist as well as a masterful composer. Born in Eisenach, Germany, on March 21, 1685, he was the son of a masterful violinist, Johann Ambrosius Bach, who taught his son the basic skills for string playing. Along with this string playing, Bach began to play the organ which is the instrument he would later on be noted for in history. His instruction on the organ came from the player at Eisenach's most important church. He instructed the young boy rather rigorously until his skills surpassed anyone’s expectations for someone of such a young age. Bach suffered early trauma when his parents died in 1695. He went to go live with his older brother, Johann Christoph, who also was a professional organist at Ohrdruf. He continued his younger brother's education on that instrument, as well as introducing him to the harpsichord. The rigorous training on these instruments combined with Bach’s masterful skill paid off for him at an early age. After several years of studying with his older brother, he received a scholarship to study in Luneberg, Germany, which is located on the northern tip of the country. As a result, he left his brother’s tutelage and went to go and study there. The teenage years brought Bach to several parts of Germany where he mainly worked as an organist in churches, since that was the skill he had perfected the best from his young training. However, a mast... Free Essays on Bach Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Johann Sebastian Bach belonged to a dynasty of musicians. In following family tradition, he excelled his forebears and contemporaries, although he did not always receive the respect he deserved in his own life-time. He spent his earlier career principally as an organist, latterly at the court of one of the two ruling Grand Dukes of Weimar. In 1717 he moved to CÃ ¶then as Court Kapellmeister to the young Prince Leopold and in 1723 made his final move to Leipzig, where he was employed as Cantor at the Choir School of St. Thomas, with responsibility for music in the five principal city churches. In Leipzig, he also eventually took charge of the University Collegium musicum and occupied himself with the collection and publication of many of his earlier compositions. Despite widespread neglect for almost a century after his death Bach is now regarded as one of the greatest of all composers. Choral & Vocal Music Bach wrote a lot of choral music, particularly in connection with his employ ment at Leipzig, where he prepared complete cycles of cantatas for use throughout the church year, in addition to the larger scale settings of the Latin Mass and the accounts of the Passion from the gospels of St. Matthew and of St. John. These works include the Mass in B minor, BWV 232, the St. Matthew Passion, BWV 244, the St. John Passion, BWV 245, the Christmas Oratorio, BWV 248, and the Easter Oratorio, BWV 249, with the revised setting of theMagnificat, BWV 243. Cantatas include, out of over 200 that survive, Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben, BWV 147, Ein feste Burg- ist unser Gott, BWV 80, Ich habe genug, BWV 82, Jesu, meine Freude, BWV 358, Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut, BWV 199, Wachet auf, BWV 140 and Jauchzet Gott in allen Landen, BWV 51, for soprano, trumpet, strings and basso continuo. The rather more formal half dozen or so Motets include a memorable version of Psalm CXVII, Lobet den Herrn, alle Heiden, B...

Latin American Insurgencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Latin American Insurgencies - Essay Example The Zapatista was trending vigorously and thus was demanding for reforms as the government had failed to deliver. The EZLN are mostly native poor farmers based union with an intellectual organization leadership from towns and cities, it is deeply entrenched in Mexico and spreads all over the penury affected areas of Chiapas in Mexico. An area highly populated by the Indian communities and eliminated from any entrepreneur development, where high numbers of households lacking water and electricity. The Zapatistas majorly demands for Democracy, freedom and justice from the government, as this three rights have been since deprived resulting into unfair treatment and corruption. The type of democracy Zapatistas visualize should be based in a concordance manner, direct and exercised in a free and fair process. Their aim of freedom is needed to enhance original sovereignty and facilitate self-discovery. Civil and economic justice is vital for the rebellious Zapatistas in order to secure respect for the local culture. According to Schulz & Wager, (1994), the Zapatistas was a succession of the very many bad and serious economic, political and social problems that had dominated, not only in Chiapas but also in remote areas of Mexico. This essay is going to study how the rebellious group influenced the defense forces and their impact on political development of Mexico and among its suburbs. The Zapatistas is less influenced by political matters as they feel that all leaders in their political parties are corrupt and cannot be trusted to support the welfare of their people. The election of leaders symbolizes no importance to Zapatistas and the rebellious benevolent group neither supports the self-sufficient heads nor the common leaders (Botz 2014). However, EZLN organizes lobbies around the country through preaching against corrupt leadership and against

Financial overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial overview - Essay Example For this purpose, the raw material will be collected on a donation basis from the general public through online and off line advertisement, and designers and artists would be recruited from the target customers to convert that raw material into products. Therefore, the initial investment on the collection of raw material would be negligible, and most of the investment would be spent on the setting up of retail and flag shops, and the development of websites and other online platforms for interaction between the customers and the business owner. The business is aimed to be launched in three cities simultaneously. The overall budget is estimated to be around $50,000. The following is the chart representing the breakdown of the budget for the venture: The fluctuation in the exchange rate of the currency as regards foreign currency is a major determinant when choosing international markets for the launch and operation of businesses. The Japanese market is quite volatile in this regard (Reuters, 2011); it is determined that the Japanese Yen has gone from  ¥76 to  ¥84 in relation to U.S. dollar in the past six months this year (Reuters, 2011). This is a great increase on the price of the dollar, of more than ten percent (Reuters, 2011), and is testament of a relatively unstable business environment. Multi national companies hesitate to invest in a market with currency values fluctuating in the values of more than one percent (Reuters, 2011). To counter this risk of business failure, GAAFE would wait till the launch time coincides with the highest currency value so that maximum profits could be attained. If a low value

Other than brutal conquest, what impact did the Mongol empire have on Essay

Other than brutal conquest, what impact did the Mongol empire have on the known world and why - Essay Example ined and the strongest armies and with a highly organizational and strategic mind of a leader, the Mongolians were able to succeed in their brutal conquest for expansion and increase in territory. Apart from achieving victory in stretching the empire through invasion and conquest, the Mongols also achieved great success in other things. One of the greatest impacts that is still evident up to this day is its effect on the human as well as the political geography of Asia. Because of the emergence of the Mongol Empire, the great collection of several Semi-Turkic and Mongolic tribes were unified under the reign and rule of the founder of the Mongol Empire, Genghis Kan. Moreover, the existence of the states that came out from the dust of the collapse of the Mongol Empire owed their existence to the Mongols. The large size of the Mongol Empire due to its great expansion and conquest from Asia reaching all the way to Eastern Europe has brought about and encouraged wider distribution and trading of a mixture of different goods and other products, and along with it also helped spread out and share knowledge and understanding of various topics and subject matter in several fields of astronomy, science, mathematics and also in other fields such as art, theatre and others. The founder and first leader of the Mongol Empire and known as one of the world’s greatest conquerors throughout history, Genghis Khan, brought the kingdom to become known throughout the world. Through him, the empire saw success and rose to power. Although Khan himself was illiterate, he ordered and introduced a writing system, which still kept on and remained in modern Mongolia up until the twentieth century. Furthermore, Genghis Khan also brought in the thought and initiative of religious tolerance all over the empire. The fifth leader of the Mongol Empire and the grandson of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, continued to build on and develop the empire’s success. During his reign, he was also able to

Trade between Paekche and Japan Essay Example for Free

Trade between Paekche and Japan Essay Paekche, also known as Baekje, was located to the Southwest of Korea and is one of the three kingdoms that formed Korea during the three kingdom era (50 B.C-668 C.E). Paekche was the most vulnerable of the three kingdoms formed then, namely, Korguyo and Silla. All of them were very strongly influenced by China. Paekche, because of its strategic location that brought it very near to China, was especially more influenced and had profound implications when it comes to its living practices and religion. It had been influenced by Buddhism from China which had its origin in India. However, being close to China also meant undue pressure by the huge militarily strong kingdom of China. Also with increasing influence of the neighboring kingdom Silla, Paekche was in dire need of an ally who could not only give the economic impetus it so needs but also the military protection to thwart off Silla’s attempts of conquests. This formed the basis of trade with Japan and thus began the journey of wide political and cultural influences on both the Kingdoms till the last of Paekche which was in 668 E.C.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Paekche along with the various economic goods that it was trading with Japan also started adding in cultural goods. As mentioned above, this was a result of its realization of the need to have closer ties with Japan that the situation demanded. The cultural goods that Paekche started exporting were Buddhism. It was in mid-500s that this significant event occurred when the king of Paekche gifted an image of Buddha and some sacred writings in Buddhism to the king of Japan[i]. It is said that he introduced the religion to the Japanese king saying that it was the religion of the civilized world. Japan, at that time was influenced by Nakatomi as religious practice and hence, the influx of Buddhism was strongly opposed by the court religious heads[ii]. Moreover, the head of the aristocratic clan and the one who led the Japanese military forces, Mononobe, advised the king against sending troops to support Paekche against Silla. However, as time passed and thanks to the growing influence of the Yamato family, Japan slowly started adopting the new religion and Paekche was beginning to trade majorly culture with Japan. Such was its influence on the Japanese kingdom that the lines between Korea and Japan started to blur slowly. Paekche had exported many art forms and technological skills to Japan and Japan’s cultural and technological advances can be attributed to the heavy influx of Paekche’s trade with it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another place where Paekche’s influence can be sensed strongly was the temples and palaces that were built in Asuka Japan during mid-500s and till the end of Paekche in mid-600s. Paekche, along with its religion, also traded architectural forms and subsequent technologies with Japan. Fine example of this is the Horyuji temple built around 601 A.D. The architectural forms and technologies used prove a strong presence of Korean, more precisely, Paekche influence[iii]. Though the temple does not exist today, its remains tell the whole story. It should be noted that when the King of Paekche decided to export Buddhism to Japan, he made sure he does it convincingly. Along with the Buddha statues and writings, the King also sent monks, painters, temple carpenters, expert tile workers, and many more that were successful in getting the right flavor of Buddhism in the Japanese society. After the completion of the temple, the Buddhist monks who were sent by the Paekche king settled in the temple and started preaching Buddhism from there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The spread of cultural good, Buddhism, was not rapid though. After lot of resistance from the existing beliefs and rituals, which included spread of epidemics as a sign of anger and rejection by the old Gods and then a bigger epidemic that was considered as the sign of Buddha’s fury at denunciation, Buddhism as a religion started making place for itself in the kingdom. This general acceptance increased the bonding between the two kingdoms and Paekche became Japan’s closest ally among the Korean kingdoms. This can be observed from the fact that Japan actively started protecting Paekche from external threats. This can also be attributed to the fear Japan had developed after it lost Mimana to Silla rulers which is supposed to have influenced the â€Å"Horse rider† culture of Japan. All the above combined reasons helped the relation between Paekche and Japan grow closer like never before. Japan and Paekche relationship was not just formal. The diplomatic ties had extended to strong military ties with Japan helping Paekche to defend itself against the growing stronghold of Silla in Korea. Slowly, Japan had sided with Paekche and joined the allied forces in Gaya when it wanted to expand its influence in that region. Japan also extended its help to the King of Paekche, Jeonji in launching a coup and thereby helping him in becoming the king.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This speaks a lot about the kind of intimacy the two kingdoms had acquired due to the trade relationship between them. Paekche was known to be the superior one within the relationship when it comes to culture. This is quite evident from the fact that the Paekche prince had gifted a Chiljido (a seven branched knife) around 4th or 5th BC to the Japanese king and had ordered him to pass it down through the generations to come in Japanese royal family. This truly demonstrates the diplomatic superiority that Paekche had.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By the end of 500 B.C, a perfect trade relation was formed between the two where both the kingdoms traded with each other according to the requirements of both the kingdoms. This gave birth to the perfect model where, not superiority, but genuine economic considerations and needs of the state were the basis of trade, thereby giving economic growth for both the countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fall of Paekche was in essence the end of the relationship for both the kingdoms. However, Japan showed its loyalty to the Korean kingdom by not siding with the allied forces of Silla and Dang. Instead it preferred to oppose them and hence support the last remnants of the kingdom Paekche. It is not surprising that after Paekche fell to the joined forces of Silla and Dang, there was a huge entry of the Paekche citizens to Japan. They traveled all across the sea to settle in Japan rather than China. This strongly demonstrates the high degree of the closeness that the two kingdoms maintained. Moreover, this influx into the country brought about a massive change in the lifestyles of Japanese too who actively started intimately getting influenced by the culture of Paekche like their clothing, or the way unmarried women dressed up, and other day to day nuances like pottery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The trade between Paekche and Japan was an effort to compensate the military and cultural needs of both the nations. This trade, like all other ancient trades, brought about colossal changes in both the countries through culture exchanges. The most significant change is, of course, the fact that Japan, today, is one of the largest followers of Buddhism in the world. [i]   Kaplan H. Eddward .1st draft, 10/94; 3rd rev., 9/99. [ii]   Perez B Louis, The History of Japan, by Greenwood Press, 1998 [iii]  Ã‚   Lucie R. Weinstein (KEJ: 3. 232) Bibliography Reichauer, Edwin. Japan: the Story of a Nation, , Fourth Edition, Alfred A Knopf, 1989   Ã‚  Ã‚   Yamamura et al, Kazo. The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol  3.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Cambridge University Press, 1990 Perez, B, Louis. The History of Japan, Greenwood Press, 1998   Ã‚  Ã‚   Meyer W, Milton. Japan: a Concise History, Third Edition,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rowan and Littlefield Publishers, Inc 1993 Hong, Wontack. Relationship between Korea and Japan in early period : Paekche and Yamato Wa. Seoul, Korea, 1988. Griffis, William Elliot. Corea, the hermit nation. New York, C. Scribners   Ã‚   sons, 1882. Ballard, George Alexander. The Influence of the Sea on the Political History of Japan.   Ã‚  Ã‚   New York: E.P. Dutton Co., 1921. Japan’s Rapid Transition into Derivative High Civilization and its Consequences. Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   March 26, 2007, from http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~kaplan/eas201/201-14.pdf    Japan, Buddhism and the Warlords, to the Kamakura. Retrieved March 26, 2007, from   Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h07japan.htm Paekche culture in Asuka Japan: The most visible and dominating influence. Retrieved March   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   26, 2007, from http://gias.snu.ac.kr/wthong/publication/paekche/eng/hi3-5.pdf A survey of Baekje History, Retrieved March 26, 2007, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://baekje.chungnam.net/eng/new_hist/index.htm Korea during the age of the Yamato Imperial Clan. Retrieved March 26, 2007 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://gias.snu.ac.kr/wthong/publication/paekche/eng/hi3-7.pdf

The Role Of Migratory Birds

The Role Of Migratory Birds The role of migratory birds in transmitting poultry diseases is becoming a contentious issue in the whole world. The issue has even made researchers and naturalists to differ in opinion regarding their capability to disperse pathogens across continents. Recent studies that were conducted during the bird flu outbreaks found out that a migratory bird is capable of disseminating the deadly H5N1 avian influenza without themselves getting infected. Research has shown that these birds are responsible for transmission of many diseases, especially viral, in types of animals. This study therefore has the mandate to critically analyze how migratory birds aid in transmission of diseases. The study will also focus on the various types of diseases that are transmitted by these birds. Introduction Birds have been known since time immemorial to be migrating from one region to another. The birds can be local migrants, short distance migrants, long distance migrants and nomadic and vagrant migrants. They do travel across national and international borders. The migration is always due to the instinct for survival. This instinct leads birds to look for seasonal opportunities for food supply and breeding habitats. The findings from the studies conducted on the concept of bird migration reveal that millions of birds migrate annually from unfavorable to favorable conditions (Hubalek, 1994, 2004). Unfavorable conditions are usually in winter while the favorable are in summer. Birds therefore migrate from places where there is winter to places with seasons of winter. This explains why the migration is rampant. The environmental conditions during summer accelerate food accumulation and breeding because of the better climatic conditions. Through biological systems, birds store up energy and fats during this season. The energy and fats stored aid in migration when there are changing survival conditions in the habitat. During this period, winter falls. An interesting observation is that not all birds migrate with the changing conditions. The pattern of migration differs with species and requirements (Berthold Peter, 2001). Some birds do migrate over short distance just to look for food and come back. Others migrate over long distance and may come back or not. The migration of these birds is a natural phenomenon. They have to do that in order to maintain ecological balance and most importantly, to survive. However, the natural phenomenon is always followed by harsh repercussions that are unavoidable. It is saddening to know that these birds are either carriers or hosts for pathogens. As they migrate, these birds transfer micro-organisms across localities, nations and even continents. They therefore play a significant role in the ecology and pathogenic organism circulation. These birds are implicated as hosts and mechanical carriers of infected ecto-parasites. They are also implicated in the transmission of zoonoses. It is not possible to put a stop to this sequence but we can minimize the risks involved. This can be done by controlling and preventing perilous situations. Pathogens transmitted by migratory birds Avian Pneumovirus (APV). This virus belongs to the genus Metapneumovirus. It causes a respiratory disease which is known as turkey rhinotrachetis (TRT). This disease is commonly known as swollen head syndrome (SHS) in chickens (Gough, 2003Lwamba et al., 2002). This disease kills domestic birds, especially turkey at a very high rate. It has been found out that it only takes a few moments after the attack before the bird dies. When the bird gets a secondary bacterial infection and immunosuppressive viral disease, the severity of APV is accelerated (Lwamba 2002, Jones 2006).The significance of migratory birds in the epidemiology and persistence of APV in domestic flock has been ascertained through isolation process (Shin et al., 2000). When isolation of APV from choanal swab or nasal turbinate of wild birds like geese, sparrows, swallows mallards and starling is done, there is a high persistence of APV occurrence. Bennett (2204) observed a seasonal trend of disease occurrence during APV outbreaks in Minnesota. He suggested the suspected involvement/role of wild migratory birds in APV transmission. When a nucleotide sequencing was done, it was deduced that there was a common source for the APV isolates extracted from wild ducks, domestic turkeys and geese. It was also deduced that the viruses from the different species can cross-infect. This indicated a close relationship (Shin et al., 2002). Duck plague virus (DPV) This is a highly contagious disease of Anseriformes. The duck plague/ viral enteritis causes high mortality and a decline in egg production in chickens and domestic waterfowl (Shawky and Sandhu, 2003). It has also been found to cause viable mortality in wild waterfowl. The disease (DPV) strains have been found to exist from cloacal swabs of pintail ducks, wood ducks and gadwall ducks. It was also found out that wild ducks and geese that survived during the natural outbreaks remained carriers even after four years of post infection. Migratory birds who are carriers have been identified by using virological and serological methods.The role of these birds in the epidemiology and incidence in domestic and wild of duck plague have been estimated (Ziedler and Hlinak). There was clear evidence that the most certain source of infection was DPV- carrier and American black duck. These birds entered through the major flyways (Kidd and Converse, 2001). This conclusion was reached after the major epizootic of duck plague in wild waterfowl in the US way back in 1973. It has also been found out that the convalescent migrants are the silent carriers for DPV control in poultry. Measures to minimize the spread of the disease should include bio-security, decontamination of the environment and eradication of affected flocks (Pearson and Cassidy, 1997; Converse and Kidd, 2001). Egg drop syndrome virus (EDSV) The EDSV is a vertically transmitted disease in poultry. It causes low egg production with high fragility of eggs. It also leads to substantial decrease in fertility and hatchability of the eggs. This virus (EDS-76) is classified under group III of the Adenoviridae. The disease is usually common in layer chickens. Ducks and geese are thought to be the natural hosts for the virus (McFerran and Adair, 2003). Migratory ducks, egrets, gulls, grebes and wild geese have been found to have been found to have antibodies against this virus (Malkinson and Weisman, 2003; Kaleta et al., 1985). Migratory anseriforms is thought to be disseminating EDSV. The sporadic infections in poultry can be connected to the spread of the disease from wild ducks and geese to domestic flock. The spread can be through sharing of drinking water which has been contaminated with droppings of infected birds. These droppings pollute the water thus making it a source for breeding of the virus (Hubalek, 2004; McFerran a nd Adair, 2003). Psteurella multocida P. multocida is a bacterium that has bipolar staining feature. It is the entiological agent of avian or fowl cholera. The disease is highly significant and economically important and causes mortality which is significant in both domestic and wild birds (Wobeser, 1997; Hubalek, 1994; Dash et al., 2004). Avian cholera spreads rapidly through waterfowls. It is known as a disease with carrier status. The disease is very prevalent among the ducks and turkeys followed by chicken are more susceptible. The disease generally spreads faster among the young ones (Glison et al., 2003). About 70,000 migratory ducks and geese were reported to have succumbed to the infection during the US outbreaks in 1979 (Brand, 1984). The dense bird aggregation due to the nature of waterfowls being gregarious, prompts the outbreaks of AC. The bacteriumà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s ability to survive in water for a long period of up to several weeks is high. These aspects enhance the chances of rapidity and the extent of disease spread (Botzler, 1991; Glisson et al., 2003).Those birds that survive during the outbreaks and thus recover have been reported to be long-term carriers of the infectious agents. These birds later help in dissemination of the agent to various distant wetland locations. Free ranging wild birds have also been infected with the bacterium though the greatest magnitude of losses is experienced by the death of waterfowls (Hunter and Wobeser, 1997; Glisson et al., 2003). Chlamydophila psittaci The disease (chlamydiosis) is caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium called C. psittaci. It is a contagious disease of pet birds and poultry having zoonotic implications. It is also considered as a List B disease in parrots, parakeets and humans (A ndersen and Vanrompay, 2000). Chlamydiosis affects all types of poultry and is usually systematic though occasionally fatal. The disease is often transmitted by inhalation or even ingestion of infectious fecal dust. Birds like wild ducks, egrets, sparrows, grackles, gulls other bird species have a significant reservoir of the bacteria that can spread the disease. This can be through direct contact or infectious aerosols to a variety of vertebrates including human beings and poultry (Grimes et al., 1979; Page, 1976; Kaleta and Taday, 2003; Brand, 1989; Andersen and Vanrompay, 2000). Research has shown that some chlamydial strains which are not pathogenic to migratory avian hosts are highly virulent for humans and domestic fowls. Suggestions have been made that grackles and thus migratory birds are potential reservoir hosts which can play an important role in the transmission of cycle of the bacterium C. psittaci in nature (Roberts and Grimes, 1978). The mechanisms by which the bacteria is introduced in domestic flock is clearly not understood. This is mysterious because wild birds are also infected by the same strains as domestic flock (Andersen and Vanrompay, 2000). This calls for an enhancement in the surveillance and screening in order to find the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of infection in domestic birds (Schwarzova et al., 2006). Other pathogens caused by migratory birds Wild or migratory birds also aid in the transmission of other types of pathogens in animals as well as human beings. There are various animal diseases that are a resultant of the interaction between them and the migratory birds. In the ecological system, living things always interact in order to create a balance. During this time, birds that are infected or carriers of bacteria get to interact with other living things. In the process, they make the environment contaminated and thus high risk of these animals contracting diseases. For example, birds and other animals may share drinking water. If these birds are infected, they pass on the virus into the water thus making it contaminated. As the animal drink the water, they ingest bacteria and thus contract diseases. Human beings may use these animals as food. Being that the flesh is contaminated, they automatically get the bacteria or virus into their systems. Through this channel, both the animals and human beings contract diseases. T he main source of the infection is the bird. There are a number of infections that are transmitted by birds to other animals. Among them include West Nile Fever (WNF). This is a Flavivirus belonging to family flaviviridae. It is a mosquito-borne virus which can result in fatal encephalitis in human beings. The effect can also be on equines and avian species (Hubalek and Halouzka, 1999; Komar, 2000; Rappole and Hubalek, 2000). This disease is maintained in a cycle of epizoonic transmission between mosquitoes and birds. Human and horses are the incidental hosts in this case. The migratory birds are central to the epidemiology of WNV infections. This is because they are considered as the main amplifying hosts in the transmission process (Reed et al., 2003). Migratory birds also play a crucial role in the dissemination of zoonotic and enteropathogenic bacteria that cause other infections in animals. For example, wild birds aid in the spread of Campylobacter and Salmonella. The incidence of infections in human beings by Campylobacter jejuni is on a continuous rise. The disease proves to be fatal at some acute stages and thus has led to the deaths of many. From research, it has been proved that the main transmitters of the bacteria are wild birds. The disease is usually rampant in places characterized with high humidity and high temperatures. Research is still on to establish whether there are other transmitters apart from wild birds (Sacks et al,. 1986; Tomar et al., 2006). The contamination of the surface water with the bacteria is largely attributed to aquatic and wild birds. Likewise, in the case of Salmonella infections, remnants of S. enteric (Typhimurium and Enteritidis) have been isolated from many species of birds. These birds include gulls, ducks, terns, finches and sparrows. Research has confirmed that migratory birds are involved in the dissemination of these bacteria.